Primary Health Care: Open Access

Beneficial Effects of Yebra mate in Obesity

Sujata Shree^{* *}Correspondence: Sujata Shree, Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India, Email:

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Introduction

Over the past few years, obesity has become more common. A complicated condition, obesity involves social, biological, and psychosocial elements. The two main risk factors for obesity seem to be a sedentary lifestyle and a high-calorie diet. Obesity-related co-morbidities are significant and involve a number of metabolic diseases such type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. The goal of global anti-obesity efforts is to reduce the progression of obesity through food and lifestyle changes. Due to the potential of natural products to combat obesity, research in the subject of nutrition has recently attracted a great deal of interest. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil) has been identified as a top candidate in numerous research.

Background on obesity and its mechanisms

Because of the weight-related disorders that are connected with obesity and cause significant morbidity and death as well as decreased quality of life, the prevalence of obesity is a serious public health concern. Obesity and visceral adiposity are major energy balance defects that put people at risk for consequences like atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of obesity is rising, which predicts that this epidemic will spread. Obesity-related illnesses like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders have been linked to a low-grade inflammatory activity in adipose tissue. Aside from its primary function in releasing fatty acids for use as energy substrates, adipose tissue also functions as an active endocrine organ, secreting a number of hormones and signaling molecules. Two significant findings led to a shift in thinking about the biology of adipose tissue. The first was the identification of leptin, a crucial hypothalamic satiety signal, in 1994, followed by information outlining the pro-inflammatory properties of this hormone. The creation of adipocytes and the release of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a traditional inflammatory compound, were described in the second. It is unclear exactly how adipose tissue causes local inflammation when a person is obese. The mediating factors and mechanisms are intricate and multifaceted. The Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF), also known as adipocyte progenitors, nerve endings, blood vessels, and immune cells, is a subset of adipocytes found in adipose tissue. In 2003, Weisberg reported that only 10% of SVF cells in lean controls and 40% of SVF cells from visceral adipose tissue in obese mice are macrophages, respectively. Additionally, infiltrating macrophages in lean mice's adipose tissue differ from those in obese mice's adipose tissue. In addition to causing macrophage invasion, obesity also changes the nature of the macrophages. In the adipose tissue of obese mice, there is a reduction in the M2:M1 macrophage ratio. Adipocytes are also more sensitive to hypoxia and produce more proinflammatory mediators as a result. In response to lipotoxicity or hypoxia, macrophage infiltration triggers the recruitment of additional inflammatory cells, primarily through MCP-1 release, and causes these cells to produce an increased amount of proinflammatory cytokines locally, including TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1. These cytokines trigger the inflammatory process, which in turn triggers the activation of the inhibitors of B kinase (IKK) and Jun N-Terminal Kinase-1 (JNK-1). Insulin signalling is disrupted by IKK either directly phosphorylating the Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1) on serine residues or by phosphorylating the Nuclear Factor-B (NF-B) inhibitor, which causes NF-B to become dissociated and move into the nucleus, where it activates inflammatory genes like TNF-, IL-6, and MCP-1.

The effects of yerba mate in obesity

For most obese patients, diet has a direct role in the development of obesity and is a crucial regulator of the inflammatory response. There is evidence that dietary bioactive substances, such as polyphenols and certain fatty acids, might reduce inflammation in the body and in adipose tissue, which may help these obesity-related metabolic illnesses. For most obese patients, diet has a direct role in the development of obesity and is a crucial regulator of the inflammatory response. There is evidence that dietary bioactive substances, such as polyphenols and certain fatty acids, might reduce inflammation in the body and in adipose tissue, which may help these obesity-related metabolic illnesses.

Due to the high polyphenol content of yerba mate beverages have been found to have a variety of biological effects. It has long been understood that phenolic chemicals have biological properties. In addition to polyphenols like chlorogenic and caffeic acids and flavonoids like quercetin and rutin, yerba mate is also high in caffeine and saponins. Yerba mate has significant pharmacological properties, including antioxidant activity, protection against induced DNA damage, vasodilation activity, inhibition of glycation and atherosclerosis, improvement in glucose tolerance , antiinflammatory effects, and more, as recently published research has demonstrated.

Drinking yerba mate has been proven to have a number of biological impacts due to its high polyphenol content. The biological effects of phenolic compounds have long been known. Yerba mate is rich in flavonoids like quercetin and rutin, as well as polyphenols like chlorogenic and caffeic acids, as well as caffeine and saponins. According to recently published research, yerba mate has important pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant activity , defence against induced DNA damage , vasodilation activity , inhibition of glycation and atherosclerosis , improvement in glucose tolerance , anti-inflammatory effects, and more.Yerba mate may promote satiety through a number of mechanisms, including the induction and/or enhancement of intestinal Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), modulation of serum leptin levels, and a potential direct central satietystimulatory effect, in addition to human studies and in DdY mice fed with high-fat diets . Yerba mate reduces serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, glucose, insulin, pancreatic lipase, and leptin, according to research done in diet-induced obesity mode. It also suppresses body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation. Additionally, yerba mate inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by decreasing endothelin and thromboxane A2 levels and increasing nitric oxide and 6-keto-PGF1 levels in the circulationThe high polyphenol content of yerba mate has been proposed as a potential cause of the observed outcomes. In this way, yerba mate's major polyphenol, chlorogenic acid, is believed to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing LDL and cholesterol oxidation and modulating the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, a protein involved in glucose metabolism Additionally, it has been proposed that yerba mate's saponin content may be responsible for, at least in part, its hypolipidemic effects.

Additionally, it has been investigated how yerba mate controls obesity at the molecular level. In order to assess the effects of yerba mate on several genes associated with adipogenesis, numerous research have been carried out in cellular models and in obese animals. A multipotent mesenchymal stem cell matures into a mature adipocyte through a process called adipogenesis. Members of the PPAR, C/EBP, and Sterol Regulatory ElementBinding Protein (SREBP) families of transcription factors are involved in this process, which when combined results in the development of the differentiated state.

Additionally, yerba mate has been shown to affect the expression of genes linked to thermogenesis in addition to its effects on the regulators of adipogenesis. In a mouse model, yerba mate was shown by Pang et al. to improve uncoupled respiration by increasing the production of Uncoupling Protein (UCP) 2 and UCP 3. By raising the mRNA levels of Pgc1 (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha) and UCP 1 in brown adipose tissue, Arcari et al further shown that yerba mate affects thermogenesis. As previously indicated, obesity is linked to a persistent low-grade inflammatory state that is characterised by aberrant cytokine production and the activation of inflammatory signalling pathways in adipose tissue . So, yerba mate's anti-inflammatory properties have also been studied. It has been demonstrated that yerba mate has strong antiinflammatory effects in adipose tissue by upregulating AdipoR1 (Adiponectin Receptor 1) and downregulating the expression of Tnf-, Il-6, Lep (leptin), Pai1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type), Ccl2 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand2), and Ccr2 (chemokine (C-C motif) receptor2). It has been discovered that yerba mate inhibits NF-B's nuclear translocation in the liver, which in turn lowers the levels of the mRNAs for Il-6, Nos2 (nitric oxide synthase 2), and Tnf. This study may indicate a biological relationship between obesity and the onset of diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndromes, and cardiovascular illnesses. It is well known that an increase in adipokine production can affect glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation. Animal models have been used to investigate how yerba mate extract affects insulin resistance and the expression of inflammatory markers. Several studies show that yerba mate increases the constant of Insulin Tolerance Test (KITT) value and enhances glucose tolerance in obese animals. Additionally, in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity, yerba mate increased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, reduced hepatic TNF, and restored hepatic and muscle insulin signaling. Phosphatidylinositol 3Kinase (PI3K) activation is one of the first steps in the insulin signaling cascade, hence yerba mate's effects on this pathway have also been documented. In the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet, Arcari et al. showed that yerba mate has a modulatory effect on a variety of insulin-related target genes, including Akt2, Irs1, Irs2, Pi3kca, Pi3kcg, and Pdk1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 1).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the evidence provided here suggested that yerba mate consumption could help prevent obesity by improving lipid parameters in both human and animal models. Additionally, yerba mate modifies genes whose expression is altered in the obese condition and returns it to more typical levels. It targets a number of the aberrant and disease-causing variables connected to obesity by doing this. Also noted were protective and ameliorative effects on insulin resistance. As a result, it appears that yerba mate supplements and beverages may be beneficial in the fight against obesity.