The redox regulation system is in charge of maintaining normal cellular activities. Similar to the phosphorylation cascade, controlled variations in redox couples potential act as signal transduction components. The thermodynamic disequilibrium of the primary redox switches allows rapid and sensitive reactions to changes in redox environments, therefore cellular redox biology necessitates both compartmentalization and communication of redox systems. Numerous sulphur species with distinct functional groups (thiols, disulphides, polysulphides, sulphenic, sulphinic, and sulphonic acids, etc.) participate in a sophisticated network of sulphur-based redox processes, resulting in the multiple oxidation states of sulphur. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and disruptions of thiol redox homeostasis have been linked to human diseases such as diabetes mellitus and its cardiovascular consequences. The review examines the literature on some etiopathogenic elements as well as treatment possibilities. In experimental contexts, the dual toxic-protective feature of sulphydryl-donor compounds raises the general difficulty of developing antioxidants for therapeutic application.
