Opinion - (2023) Volume 9, Issue 7
Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the worldwide classified as both a genetic and environmental disease similar to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, major depression and schizophrenia. In 1906, a German psychiatrist named, Dr Alois Alzheimer, followed a case of a 51-year-old woman with aphasia, memory loss and behavior disturbance over several years. Upon her death, Dr. Alzheimer recorded notes of her postmortem brain autopsy that included “intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and neurotic amyloid plagues. Dr Alzheimer’s original clinical notes and postmortem brain pathology records were recovered in 1997. All notes and records concluded the 51- year-old woman had the modern diagnostic criteria of a disease more specific than current 1999 categories of neurosyphilis, vascular dementia, and senile dementia. Emil Kraeplin suggested to name the disease after Dr. Alzheimer. Alzheimer’s disease was classified as a neurological disease with cognitive loss in multiple brain areas associated with verbal deficits, memory loss, behavioral and psychiatrist deficits occurring as early as 50 years old. At the time, US estimated 5%-7% of 65 or older elderly had some cognitive deficit and by age 85 47% had significant cognitive deficits requiring long term care facilities equivalent to 4 million cases 85 billion per year in long term care facility costs to Medicare and Medicaid.
Alzheimer’s disease • HIV • Americans living
Estrogen receptors in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, and forebrain are called intracellular estrogen receptors or ER alpha. ER alpha are high in the pituitary, hypothalamus, hypothalamic preoptic area, adrenals, kidneys, and amygdala and are combined with ER beta in the ovary, testis, and uterus. ER alpha mRNA is found in the pituitary, kidneys, epididymis, and adrenals. Moderate to high ER beta is found in the prostate, lung, bladder, and brain. ER alpha and ER beta are found together in the hypothalamic preoptic area bed nucleus of strain terminals, and medial amygdaloidal nucleus. ER alpha and ER beta regulate the induction and gateways of progesterone receptors in the hypothalamic ventromedial neurons.
Synergistically, ER alpha and E2 mediate dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic function and resilience by maintaining healthy synaptic connections. Estradiol and ER alpha work intracellularly to activate estrogenic protective effects in hippocampus and basal forebrain for neural synapse, dendritic spine, axonal elongation, nerve cell long term potential for memory formation, outgrowth of nerve cells, decreased B amyloid in meningeal vessels, and preserve basal forebrain nuclei function in the central nervous system. Neurovascular protection from E2 and ER alpha intracellularly increases cerebral blood flow and decreases Apo E 3 and 4 allele mRNA gene expression. Estradiol is the master regulator of the female brains ability to use glucose as the primary energy source
In today’s time, the 23rd year of the 21st century, there is a significant knowledge gap between the patient and healthcare provider regarding hormone functions of the female throughout her lifespan. Transforming research into clinical practice is difficult in a 10 minute-20-minute visit complicated by terminology, insufficient time, evidence-based medicine protocols, financial barriers, government protocols, and insufficient insurance coverage for collection of lab, radiology, and genetic patient data. The first knowledge gap understands that scientific knowledge and current healthcare guidelines are based on protocols where the male body historically was termed “normative”. Clinical Trials used male mice and other animal tests subjects that were males unless specifically stated in their research to avoid human menstrual and reproductive variables in biomedical research designs for observational and evidence-based medicine. The research applied the assumption that male subject results would apply the same to female subjects in observational research. Evidenced based medicine has shown differences in male and female mice studies to a great significance in the past 30 years. In 2015, the NIH released the SABV (Sex as A Biological Variable) policy to include female subjects in research designs and analyses in human and vertebrate animal studies.
Citation: Mauric, K. A Scholarly Review of Estradiol and Alzheimer Desease. 2023, 09(07),001.
Received: 20-May-2023, Manuscript No. cep-23-104623; Editor assigned: 23-May-2023, Pre QC No. cep-23-104623(PQ); Reviewed: 25-May-2023, QC No. cep-23- 104623(Q); Revised: 27-May-2023, Manuscript No. cep-23-104623(R); Published: 02-Jun-2023, DOI: 10.35248/ 2471-2701.22.9(7).338
Copyright: ©2023 Mauric, K. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
