Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens. Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for furunculosis in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus . Disease is a prime agent affecting fish mortality, especially when fish are young. Fish can limit the impacts of pathogens and parasites with behavioural or biochemical means, and such fish have reproductive advantages. Interacting factors result in low grade infection becoming fatal diseases. In particular, things that causes stress, such as natural droughts or pollution or predators, can precipitate outbreak of disease
Research Article: Clinical and Experimental Psychology
Book Review: Clinical and Experimental Psychology
Research Article: Clinical and Experimental Psychology
Research Article: Clinical and Experimental Psychology
Research Article: Clinical and Experimental Psychology
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology
Accepted Abstracts: Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology
