The human
immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two
species of Lent virus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the
immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after https://www.iomcworld.org/infection with
HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the
HIV subtype. In most cases,
HIV is a sexually transmitted
infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Research has shown that
HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual intercourse if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk. Within these bodily fluids,
HIV is present as both free
virus particles and
virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital
cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T
cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,
apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T
cells by CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[14] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level,
cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections, leading to the development of AIDS. Review
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