Ovarian
cancer is a
cancer that forms in or on an ovary. It results in abnormal
cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. When this process begins, there may be no or only vague symptoms. Symptoms become more noticeable as the
cancer progresses. These symptoms may include bloating, pelvic pain, abdominal swelling, and loss of appetite, among others. Common areas to which the
cancer may spread include the lining of the abdomen, lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. The risk of
ovarian cancer increases in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime. This includes those who have never had children, those who begin ovulation at a younger age and those who reach menopause at an older age. Other risk factors include
hormone therapy after menopause,
fertility medication, and obesity. Factors that decrease risk include hormonal birth control, tubal ligation, and breast feeding. About 10% of cases are related to inherited genetic risk; women with mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 have about a 50% chance of developing the disease. Ovarian
carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer, comprising more than 95% of cases. There are five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of which high-grade serous
carcinoma is the most common. These ovarian tumors are believed to start in the
cells covering the ovaries, though some may form at the Fallopian tubes. Less common types of
ovarian cancer include germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors.A diagnosis of
ovarian cancer is confirmed through a
biopsy of tissue, usually removed during surgery. Screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery, which is accompanied by its own risks. Those at very high risk may have their ovaries removed as a preventive measure. If caught and treated in an early stage,
ovarian cancer is often curable. Treatment usually includes some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Outcomes depend on the extent of the disease, the subtype of
cancer present, and other medical conditions. The overall five-year survival rate in the United States is 49%. Outcomes are worse in the developing world. Ovarian
cancer often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and stomach. At this late stage,
ovarian cancer is more difficult to treat and can be fatal
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