Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular multicellular, or acellular
Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology,
immunology and parasitology. Eukaryotic
microorganisms possess membrane-bound organelles and include fungi and protists, whereas prokaryotic organisms—all of which are microorganisms—are conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bound organelles and include Bacteria and Archaea. Microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy. However, less than 1% of the
microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. Microbiologists often rely on molecular
biology tools such as DNA sequence based identification, for example 16s rRNA gene sequence used for bacteria identification.
Viruses have been variably classified as organisms, as they have been considered either as very simple
microorganisms or very complex molecules. Prions, never considered as microorganisms, have been investigated by virologists, however, as the clinical effects traced to them were originally presumed due to chronic viral infections, and virologists took search—discovering "infectious proteins". The existence of
microorganisms was predicted many centuries before they were first observed, for example by the Jains in India and by Marcus Terentius Varro in ancient Rome. The first recorded microscope observation was of the fruiting bodies of moulds, by Robert Hooke in 1666, but the Jesuit priest Athanasius Kircher was likely the first to see microbes, which he mentioned observing in
milk and putrid material in 1658. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered a father of
microbiology as he observed and experimented with microscopic organisms in 1676, using simple microscopes of his own design. Scientific
microbiology developed in the 19th century through the work of Louis Pasteur and in medical
microbiology Robert Koch.
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