Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal
cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of
cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world, 15% of cancers are due to infections such as Helicobacter pylori,
hepatitis B,
hepatitis C,
human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr
virus and
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically, many genetic changes are required before
cancer develops. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents.
Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests It is then typically further investigated by
medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy. Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains,
vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast
cancer are controversial .Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery,
chemotherapy and targeted therapy.
Pain and symptom
management are an important part of care Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of
cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment In children under 15 at diagnosis, the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For
cancer in the United States, the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
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