European Journal of Clinical Oncology

Needs to understand Common Things About Prostate Cancer

Dov Lichtenberg^{* *}Correspondence: Dov Lichtenberg, Department of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Email:

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Introduction

Cancer begins when cells begin to develop out of control in the body. Cells can become cancer cells in virtually every part of the body, and can then spread to other parts of the body. When cells in the prostate gland begin to develop out of control, prostate cancer starts. A gland present only in males is the prostate. This creates some of the liquid that is part of semen. One of the most common forms of cancer is prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is prostate cancer. The prostate is a gland just below the bladder in the male reproductive system that covers the urethra. Most prostate cancers grow slowly. Cancerous cells, especially the bones and lymph nodes, can spread to other areas of the body. It can cause no symptoms initially. Pain or trouble urinating, blood in the urine, or pain in the pelvis or back are signs in later stages. Similar symptoms can cause benign prostatic hyperplasia. Other late signs, due to low red blood cell levels, include fatigue. Older age, family history and race are factors that raise the risk of prostate cancer. After the age of 50, approximately 99 percent of cases occur. The risk is two- to three-fold increased by a first-degree relative with the disease. Slowly developing, many prostate cancers are limited to the prostate gland, where they do not cause significant damage. Although certain forms of prostate cancer, however, are slow to develop and may need limited or even no treatment, other forms are aggressive and may spread rapidly. In simple word this is a common form of cancer in males, but in the early stages, it is highly treatable. It starts in the gland of the prostate, which lies between the bladder and the penis [1-2].

Types of Prostate Cancer

Almost all prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. These cancers develop from the gland cells (the cells that make the prostate fluid that is added to the semen).

Other types of cancer that can start in the prostate include:

• Small cell carcinomas

• Neuroendocrine tumors (other than small cell carcinomas)

• Transitional cell carcinomas

• Sarcomas

Signs and Symptoms

In its early stages, prostate cancer can cause no signs or symptoms [3]. More developed prostate cancer can cause signs and symptoms such as:

• Urinating trouble

• Diminished power in the urinary stream

• The blood that's in the urine

• The blood in the sperm

• Pain with bone.

• Weight loss without attempting to

• Erectile disease

Causes

What causes prostate cancer isn't obvious. Doctors know that when cells in the prostate produce modifications in their DNA, prostate cancer starts. The DNA of a cell contains the directions that tell a cell what to do [4]. The changes advise the cells to expand and divide faster than normal cells do. When other cells die, the dysfunctional cells continue living. The abnormal cells that accumulate form a tumour that can develop to invade surrounding tissue. Some abnormal cells may break away in time and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).

Conclusion

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed in men and only lung cancer kills more men. It has a very long preclinical period when it can be identified by s creening.

References

1. Group, P. “Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of the randomised trials.” The Lancet. 355.14(2000):1491-1498.
2. Joniau, S. “Stratification of high-risk prostate cancer into prognostic categories: a European multi-institutional study.” European urology. 67.1(2014):157-164.
3. Greenberg, N. “Prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 92.8(1998):3439-3443.
4. Mohler, J. “Prostate cancer.” Jour. of the Natio. Compre Canc. Network. 8.2(2010):162-200.