Carbon-Ion Radiation (CIRT) is a critical component of contemporary radiotherapy. CIRT has two key benefits over traditional photon radiation modalities in terms of physical and biological considerations. Physical benefits include increased dose distribution to the tumoral region and reduced dose harm to adjacent tissue. The biological benefits include an increase in Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) in DNA structures, an increase in oxygen enhancement ratio, and improved radiosensitivity as compared to X-ray radiation. CIRT has two advantages: it not only inflicts severe cytotoxic damage on tumor cells, but it also protects adjacent tissue. Lung cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world, after breast cancer, in terms of annual diagnosis. Lung cancer, on the other hand, is the primary cause of cancer death. Patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were treated optimally had lobectomy. When paired with surgery, some individuals with comorbidities or concomitant cardiopulmonary insufficiency have been demonstrated to be unable to tolerate the treatment. As a result, radiation may be the best therapeutic option for this patient group. For these situations, radiation options include Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT), Volumetric Modulated Arc Treatment (VMAT), and Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) (IMRT). Although these treatments have shown clinical advantages to certain patients, the associated Adverse Effects (AEs), such as cardiotoxicity and radiation pneumonia, must not be overlooked. Normal tissue damage and toxicity also restrict tumor dosage increases. Because of the tremendous physical and biological benefits provided by CIRT, certain toxicity associated with radiation may be avoided with CIRT Bragg Peak. CIRT provided clinical advantages to lung cancer patients, particularly the elderly. This review discussed the clinical efficacy and research findings for CIRT in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).
