Journal of Multiple Sclerosis

A Review of Olfactory Dysfunction and Neurological Disorders

Maria Richards*

One of the unique habitats for the survival of diverse microbiotas is the nasal region. The human microbial niche starts to colonize the body from birth, and the microbiota continues to exist in humans' bodies as commensals or opportunistic pathogens throughout their lives in a variety of habitats. By shielding the milieu from pathogen invasion and participating in immune modulation, these microbial populations support the maintenance of a healthy microenvironment. Any dysbiosis of the microbiota living on the mucosal surfaces, including the vaginal area, gut, and nasal passages, results in immune system regulation and life-threatening infections. It is important to explore further research into the background molecular mechanisms behind the coexistence of microorganisms in the mucosal layers of respiratory passages, which leads to infections as a result of their co-abundance and interactions. Additional clinical analyses can clarify how nasal dysbiosis, the nasal microbiota, and Neurodegenerative Diseases interact (NDs). In most cases, the respiratory airways serve as a substratum for microorganisms and can serve as the starting point for respiratory tract infections. The blood-brain barrier can be crossed by microbial metabolites and microorganisms, which may result in NDs including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). There have been few studies done in the scientific community regarding the potential contribution of the nasal microbiota to olfactory functions and the connection between their dysfunction and neurological disorders. Recently, researchers have been investigating how the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) affects patients with neurological illnesses. Because their mucosal regions represent the dominant microbial niche and are linked to olfaction, immunological control, and the homeostasis of the central nervous system, the interaction between the gut and nose microbiotas has a significant impact. One of the key elements that significantly affect the mucosal membranes of the airways, gut, and lungs is diet. Dietary bad habits lead to dysbiosis in the mucosal barrier and gut flora. The current study provides a concise summary of the interactions between nasal microbiota dysbiosis, resultant olfactory dysfunctions, and the development of NDs with aging and the contribution of coronavirus illness 2019 to the NDs.